De senaste veckorna har ett flertal intressanta
forskningsrapporter nått offentlighetens ljus.Några bland dessa kan delas upp i 2
grupper med det gemensamma nyckelordet : Framtid
Först har vi Zahra El-Schich som med sin studie :
ger oss och kanske framförallt cancerforskarna betydelsefull info om ett inte alltför känt fenomen som iaktagits bland cancersjuka.Nämligen att när cancerceller uppträder i kluster hos dessa (oss) olycksaliga går det numera att studera dessa med 3D teknik mot tidigare standardförfarande infärgning ink fluomikroskop 2D teknik. Zahra berättar här i sin forskningsartikel hur väl lämpad HoloMonitor är för användande vid spheroid-studier.Hon avslöjar även att olika appar (assayer) går att koppla till dessa studier.
Fenomenet heter spheroids och innebär att celler upptäckts i konstruktioner påfallande lik en sfäroid (Eng :spheroids).
Wiki berättar mera :En rotationsellipsoid eller sfäroid är den rotationskropp som uppstår då en ellips roterar kring den ena av sina axlar och är således ett specialfall av en ellipsoid. Den är i det allmänna fallet antingen en tillplattad, oblat, eller utdragen, prolat, sfär.
Om ellipsen roteras kring lillaxeln blir rotationsellipsoiden oblat och
om den roteras kring storaxeln blir den prolat. En sfär räknas också är
en rotationsellipsoid, men är varken tillplattad eller utdragen.
Den uppmärksamme förstår härvidlag tidigare inläggs grafiska bidrag med den gula snurrande mojängen.
Fenomenet är inte nyupptäckt men har på senare tid uppmärksammats för de möjligheter man nu forskat fram som går att applicera,neutralisera,bota ..osv på de celler som via sin sfäroida formation visar på ett sjukdomstillstånd i vardande.
Inom cancerforskningen beskriver man ämnet såhär :
Spheroids are especially interesting in regenerative medicine, cancer research and drug screening.
Spheroids from mesenchymal stem cells—multipotent cells in bone marrow that have the ability to form and repair skeletal tissues—have
shown increased tissue regeneration and repair properties and a longer
survival period after transplantation. In cancer research, spheroids are
used as multicellular tumor spheroid models (MCTS) to study solid tumor
biology. The unique cell composition within an MCTS—how cells grow, interact, proliferate and absorb nutrients and chemical compounds—also makes them ideal preclinical test cultures for drug candidates.
Ur Zahras artikel :
Digital holographic (DH) microscopy is a unique noninvasive method to analyze living cells. With DH microscopy, in vitro
cell cultures can be imaged in 2D and pseudo-3D and measurements of
size and morphology of the cells are provided. Here, a description of a
novel methodology utilizing DH microscopy for the analysis of spheroids
is presented. A cell culture protocol is introduced and morphological
parameters of cell spheroids as measured by DH microscopy are presented.
The study confirms the use of DH microscopy for the analysis of cell
spheroids. In the future, organoids can be analyzed with DH microscopy,
and it can also be used for drug response and cell death analyses.
Method summary
This
method aims to optimize DH microscopy for the analysis of morphological
parameters of spheroids in an easy and convenient way. Cell spheroids
were cultured in culture dishes for 5 days. Then, the lid was replaced
with HoloLid. After that, the spheroids were imaged and quantitative
morphological information was collected and analyzed.
In short, DH microscopy can be used to noninvasively and
semiautomatically determine spheroid morphology – findings that
highlight the benefits of developing a DH-based spheroid dose-response
assay. DH microscopy is suitable for spheroid cell death assays both in
the research and preclinical screening phases of a new cancer therapy
development program. As a next step, time-lapse images of the spheroids
cultured from day 1 up to day 10 will be analyzed, which will provide a
better understanding of tumor spheroid culturing, development and
behavior. DH microscopy as a noninvasive method to analyze living cells
in spheroids was presented here with a description of a novel protocol
for analyzing the morphology of cultured cell spheroids. The
morphological parameters of spheroids are shown to serve as a useful
basis for spheroid analysis. This confirms the potential
of analyzing spheroids and organoids with DH microscopy. The next step
is to evaluate drug treatment, response and cell death of spheroids.
Further, it may be possible to individualize patient care through
prospective modeling of drug sensitivity in patient-derived organoids.
Forskningen har numera kommit en bit längre med att förstå varför celler bildar dessa "onaturliga" formationer.
Nature publicerade för 3 månader sen en studie som visade på att fenomenet numera upptäckts inom bakteriologin (stavning?).
Och mera aktuellt har forskarna kunnat visa på dessa formationer hos det jobbiga viruset Corona. Denna studie kommer till slutsatsen att 3D-tekniken ger bättre svar inte bara vid Coronastudier utan även vid andra uschliga utbrott av ex Zika och Denguefeber ...
4.3 Spheroids and organoids for viral infection
Spheroids and organoids have already been explored as a model of viral cycle infection by human viruses
A scalable model of spheroids derived from human hepatocytes to study
hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and replication was developed by
Ananthanarayanan and collaborators.The main results showed that spheroids presented liver-specific
functions and a higher level of HCV infection compared with 2D cell
culture. Hepatocyte spheroids infected with HCV were produced embedded
in Matrigel and showed functional liver-like structures in addition to
releasing infectious virions from HCV.The life cycle of blood-borne HCV was also investigated on a 3D
nonadherent gel showing high levels of the enzyme thromboxane A2
synthase (TXAS). This enzyme is required for the production of
infectious HCV. The result was corroborated in a preclinical assay.
Using a TXAS inhibitor (prostaglandin I2 receptor agonist), in an animal
model, the levels of HCV infection were reduced.
To explore the viral tropism of SARS-CoV-2, Yang and
collaborators have used a human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) platform
to generate multiple different cells and organoids. To determine the
permissiveness of hPSC-derived cells, different MOI of SARS-CoV-2 was
used for infection and the results showed the liver organoids,
cardiomyocytes, pancreatic alpha and beta cells and dopaminergic neurons
are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Lamers and collaborators
infected gut enterocyte organoids with SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2,
revealing upregulation of typical genes related to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Another recent study published by Monteil and collaborators
investigated the impact of human recombinant soluble
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hrsACE2) on SARS-CoV-2 growth. In
summary, the authors used blood vessels and kidney organoids as a 3D
model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and hrsACE2 had a positive effect in
blocking the infection in both organoid models. However, although
hrsACE2 could block the early stages of SARS-Cov-2 infection, new
studies with lung organoids must be performed to better evaluate its
effects in vitro. Recently, Susuki and colleagues
cultivated normal human bronchial epithelial cells in Matrigel drops as
a 3D scaffold-free model for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The 3D culture
system was responsive to infection, showing fibrose areas.
The authors
named the strategy lung organoids; however, the culture was not derived
from stem cells.
All over the world, there is a concern with diseases
transmitted by viruses transmitted by arthropods, such as the Dengue
(DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses, but there is still
no treatment for this type of infection. Garcez and collaborators
investigated the effects of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in human neural
stem cells growing as neurospheres and brain organoids. The results
showed that the virus was able to infect the cells and, in the
organoids, reduced the rate of growth after 11 days in culture.The use
of a 3D model was able to show more reliable evidence of ZIKV behavior
in vivo, contributing to a better comprehension of microcephaly cases in
newborn children during ZIKV epidemics in Brazil.
Det Zahra med sin studie visar är kanske större än hon och PHI förstår.Utöver cencerforskningen och då specifikt inom de 3 delarna regenerative medicin (återskapande mänsklig vävnad), allmän cancerforskning och slutligen läkemedelsframtagning är kunskapen numera framme vid att använda 3D-tekniken även inom den baktereologiska forskningen och virussjukdomar som Corona mfl....
Månne det undanskymda affärsområdet 3D-plattformen har svar på hur justera HoloMonitor för att kunna användas inom dessa områden?
Annars är det ganska självklart att en bjässe med muskler snabbt anpassar HoloMonitor till dessa nya kommersiellt intressanta områden.
Vem skvallrar för bjässarna att de har en oupptäckt intäktskälla mitt framför ögonen? 😎
Verifikationslänkar ang text ovanför. Uppdaterad traditionell teknik :
Fluorescence-Based Quantitative and Spatial Analysis of Tumour Spheroids: A Proposed Tool to Predict Patient-Specific Therapy Response
Tumour spheroids are widely used to pre-clinically assess anti-cancer
treatments. They are an excellent compromise between the lack of
microenvironment encountered in adherent cell culture conditions and the
great complexity of in vivo animal models. Spheroids
recapitulate intra-tumour microenvironment-driven heterogeneity, a
pivotal aspect for therapy outcome that is, however, often overlooked.
Likely due to their ease, most assays measure overall spheroid size
and/or cell death as a readout. However, as different tumour cell
subpopulations may show a different biology and therapy response, it is
paramount to obtain information from these distinct regions within the
spheroid. We describe here a methodology to quantitatively and spatially
assess fluorescence-based microscopy spheroid images by semi-automated
software-based analysis. This provides a fast assay that accounts for
spatial biological differences that are driven by the tumour
microenvironment. We outline the methodology using detection of hypoxia,
cell death and PBMC infiltration as examples, and we propose this
procedure as an exploratory approach to assist therapy response
prediction for personalised medicine.
For several decades, 2D monolayer cultures have been the primary cancer
research and drug screening model because they are easy, low-cost, and
highly reproducible. However, since they cannot reproduce the real
complexity and 3D structure found in the in vivo solid tumor, a 3D
culture model will replace them in the near future. When the current
issues concerning MCTs are solved and further improved, including
vascularization and immune system components, it will be possible to
promote the establishment of a platform applicable to anticancer drug
search and screening by extracting valid biological information from 3D
models.
Zahra uppmärksammades genom denna studie såpass att man gjorde en "peek behind the paper" artikel om henne.
Sen går vi till 2 sinsemellan oberoende artiklar som i princip tar upp samma ämne : Framtid för människa i rymden?
Jag går inte in på djupet alltför mycket i dessa 2 studier då texten ovanför med alla länkar är bra mastigt att ta in.
Bägge artiklarna tar sitt utgångsläge i studier om cellförändringar vid temperaturer i rymden där UV-strålning råder.Hur människas celler och pigment påverkas av rymdens temperaturer. Studierna stödjer varandras slutsatser fast de åstadkommits med olika instrument. I denna kinesiska studie har de kluriga kineserna ånyo listat ännu ett användningsbart forskningsområde att använda HoloMonitor inom.
De kinesiska forskarna är generösa med filmer där PHI`s HoloMonitor använts.Gå in på fliken Supplementary Files.Där återfinns 7 sekvenser tagna med HoloMonitor.
Övrig verifikation hittas i PDF-filen sidan 15 : Further, UV/cold shock-treated cells were imaged by time-lapse holographic microscopy (HoloMonitor M4) and analyzed by Hstudio M4 Tracking software.
Den andra studien är italiensk och kommer i princip till samma slutsats som de kinesiska forskarna.
"UV-strålning i rymdmiljö påverkar människas celler/pigment i hud kraftigt negativt."
Övrig rekommendation får ni läsa er till,men mellan raderna hintar forskarna att med dagens skyddsteknik ska människan inte hänga alltför länge bland planeter och månar.Nån bosättning är alltså inte att tänka på inom den närmsta framtiden.
Studien är betitlad :
Anledningen till att jag tar med denna studie fast man inte använt sig av HoloMonitor är att man förlitat sig på HoloMonitors kompis Raman Spectroscope. Här mina bidrag på HoloMonitor + Raman Spectroscope. Min tro (OBS! tro) är att studien skulle kompletterats med fylligare info om forskarna använt sig av bägge kompisarna samtidigt.
En sent inkommen (26/11) studie från HoloMonitorfrälsta forskaren Robert Horvath et al tar upp ett spännande område vi förmodligen kommer få anledning att återkomma till.
Nämligen synen på att forskar/läkarkåren borde vända sig mer till växtriket för att se de möjligheter till behandling av svåra sjukdomar som finns där. Robert är lite som de kinesiska forskarna,klurig och går sidledes med den traditionella forskningen.Som många kinesiska forskare använder han sin HoloMonitor i studier vi inte är vana vid att se.
Abstract
Plants and fungi can be used for medical applications because of their
accumulation of special bioactive metabolites. These substances might be
beneficial to human health, exerting also anti-inflammatory and
anticancer (antiproliferative) effects. We propose that they are
mediated by influencing cellular adhesion and migration via various
signaling pathways and by directly inactivating key cell adhesion
surface receptor sites.
The evidence for this proposition is reviewed
(by summarizing the natural metabolites and their effects influencing
cellular adhesion and migration), along with the classical measuring
techniques used to gain such evidence.
We systematize existing knowledge
concerning the mechanisms of how natural metabolites affect adhesion
and movement, and their role in gene expression as well. We conclude by
highlighting the possibilities to screen natural compounds faster and
more easily by applying new label-free methods, which also enable a far
greater degree of quantification than the conventional methods used
hitherto. We have systematically classified recent studies regarding the
effects of natural compounds on cellular adhesion and movement,
characterizing the active substances according to their organismal
origin (plants, animals or fungi). Finally, we also summarize the
results of recent studies and experiments on SARS-CoV-2 treatments by
natural extracts affecting mainly the adhesion and entry of the virus.
Denna mycket ambitiösa studie landar i följande slutsats :Our review aimed at collecting evidence in order to answer a specific research question,
namely the role of natural compounds in cellular adhesion and
migration, including the characterization methods of these bioactive
compounds. We have elucidated the main points of interest (definition of
natural compounds and their isolation, adhesion and migration process,
effects on cell viability, invasive and non-invasive assays, label free
techniques) with inclusion and exclusion criteria. We have made a
careful and systematic search of the literature, using the following
keywords: natural compound of plant, fungi and other origin, cell
adhesion, migration, motility, movement, CAM, integrin, cancer cell,
stimulation, inflammation, viability, cytotoxicity, flow cytometry,
dyes, label-free, biosensors, preparation, isolation, intracellular
pathogens SARS-CoV-2. Approximately 280 relevant paper were selected.
Very recent (2021) and old references (articles from the 1970s and even
from 1962) were evaluated. Our criteria were that the compound must be a
natural one (i.e., natural origin), with effect on cell adhesion and/or
migration.
Som synes vill Robert et al studera Coronavirusets konstruktion och med den förståelsen hitta effektiva motmedel sprungna ur växtriket. Ett exempel på förslag är detta :
Figure 9. Schematic illustration of SARS-CoV-2 attachment and two possible examples of ways to inhibit this process.
(A) Virus can attach to ACE2 receptor or integrins of the host cell. RGD-integrin interaction occurs in calcium-dependent
manner [274]. As the result of the process, the virus penetrates into the cell and starts to copy itself. (B) Several compounds
bind to the spike protein or even may alter it [275] and prevent virus-receptor attachment. (C) Lowering divalent ion
concentrations in the lungs with pulmonary EDTA chelation therapy may inhibit virus-host interaction [274].
Den 56 sidor långa studien tar upp och visar exempel på olika tekniker Robert använt sig av i sina studier.För HoloMonitors vidkommande får man leta upp pdf-versionen för verifikation. Sid 30/56.
Annars hittar man info i detta stycke :
4.3.2. Living Cell Movements—Holographic Microscopy
The
realization of in situ monitoring of living cell movements (i.e.,
crawling along the endothelium) is a very important advance.
There are anyway few techniques to study cell movements; classical ones
are mostly directed at migration studies and they also have their
drawbacks.
For instance, filter assays (Zigmond and Dunn chambers, Boyden chamber)
measure cell migration over a membrane in response to chemoattractant
compounds. These assays are very specialized, requiring cells to migrate through both a matrix and the pores of a filter; however, very few cell lines can migrate through both of them. Single cell movements can be investigated by using time-lapse imaging, usually requiring fluorescent labels.
As discussed above, fluorescent imaging may disturb the cells and the
imaging time is limited by bleaching of the fluorescent marker. In contrast to fluorescent imaging,
holographic microscopy is a label-free technique [
195,
214].
It is usually critical to observe and quantitatively record live cell
behavior, especially directional movement (migration) and random
movement (motility), and also the shape changes to understand the
behavior of the cells in such environments and to be able to make
inferences regarding further therapeutic possibilities [
195].
Although traditional herbal extracts have become more and more popular
for treating illnesses, the literature of systematic quantitative
studies is still limited [
1].
Roberts forskning ska applåderas och uppmärksammas.Snart kanske han m kollegor hittar svar på frågor forskningsvärlden slitit med i decennier.Fortsätter han "tänka utanför boxen" och med det samtidigt testar HoloMonitors möjligheter kanske ett nobelt pris väntar i framtiden?
Avslutningsvis en karamell att suga på för den som vill slanta upp 43 500 Skr och läsa om PHI tillsammans med partner BioSpherix i en aktuell amerikansk analys beträffande den globala marknaden för den mer helautomatiska instrumenteringen av cellforskning.
Bland dryga 30 större aktörer väljer man att lyfta fram 5 st där 2 av dem är BioSpherix och Phase Holographic Imaging.Jag tror det finns en anledning till det.
In April 2021, BioSpherix Ltd announced that its partnership with Phase
Holographic Imaging (PHI) has helped yield Holo Monitor Analyzer. The
company further added that recently, EU-funded Centre for Innovative
Medicine bought its first Holo Monitor analyzer for use in the center’s
incubator system. It has helped the company to expand its product
portfolio and earn more revenue.
Som service till alla ev HoloMonitornyfikna forskare : PHIAB Webshop
Mvh the99
Inga kommentarer:
Skicka en kommentar