16 franska forskare från 6 olika fakulteter har genomfört studier inom det kontroversiella området mobilmaststrålning kontra effekt på människa.Man skriver att det redan genomförts tusentals olika studier om låg resp högfrekvent strålning och deras påverkan på människa.Med den nu aktuella franska studien vill forskarna ge svar på om denna strålning har någon inverkan på människans celler och då specifikt påverkar cellers förprogrammerade celldöd,dvs apoptos.Ett område som tidigare forskning inte kunnat ge ett reservationslöst ja eller nej som svar på frågan.Det för att tillvägagångssätt eller teknik gett utrymme för olika tolkningar vilket försvagar resultaten och gör dem diskutabla.
Men med denna nu aktuella franska studie räknar forskarna med att ge ett svar som kan anses slutgiltigt och acceptabelt av alla instanser.Det genom att metoden de använder inte kan ge annat än "svart-på-vitt" svar.Dvs går inte att misstolka.Vilken är då metoden de använt sig av? Rätt svar : Frågan är felt ställd. Forskarna använde sig av 2 metoder eller 2 tekniker kan man även se det som.Respektive teknik ger konkreta svar för sig,men tillsammans kan man både korsköra dessa som kontrollera bakåt för vidimering av resultat.Plus gå vidare med ett åstadkommit resultat av 1 teknik, till den andra tekniken för ett fylligare svar med än mer fakta.
Jag talar om de bästa kompisarna xCelligence från Agilent Systems och PHI`s eminenta HoloMonitor.
Materials and Methods
4.3. Cellular Impedance Assay
Cellular impedance measurement of global cellular activity was monitored in a humidified incubator at 5% CO
2
and 37 °C using the
xCELLigence apparatus (
Agilent). Using this setup,
changes induced in the local ionic environment at the electrode/solution
interface yield an increase in electrode impedance. Changes in cell
morphology and/or adhesion that modulate the physical contact between
cells and electrodes are reflected in impedance changes. The change in
impedance is reported as a dimensionless parameter called Cell Index (
CI) according to Equation (1):
As no commercial system allowed cellular
impedance measurement under RF exposure, we adapted the xCELLigence
apparatus to our requirement. Using a parallel electrical circuitry
bridging the RF signal generator to the gold connectors of the
xCELLigence plates, we simultaneously performed impedance measurement
while delivering the RF signals (CW, GSM, Wi-Fi, UMTS, and LTE) to the
attached cells. The numerical and experimental dosimetry and the setup
of the exposure system formed by the xCELLigence and RF devices
(xCELL-RF) were presented in detail in Garcia-Fernandez et al. (2016).
We used the internal design of our xCELL-RF setup to deliver 1800 MHz
RF signals at various input powers resulting in S.A.R.s of 5, 7.6, 11.3,
and 24 W/kg.
A vector generator (SMBV100A,
Rohde & Schwarz, Munich, Germany) delivering 1800 MHz RF signals was
connected to a bidirectional coupler (ZGBDC30-372HP+, Mini-circuits,
Brooklyn, NY, USA). The coupler was followed by a 2-way power splitter
(PE2088, Pasternack, Irvine, CA, USA), and each way was connected to a
3-way power splitter (PE2090, Pasternack) which delivered the required
powers to the xCELLigence Eplate (Figure 6A).
The setup’s incident and reflected powers were monitored using two
power sensors (N1921A, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and a power meter
(Agilent) connected to the bidirectional coupler. High values of RF
electric field and S.A.R. are mainly localized in the proximity of the
electrodes and within the cells layer, as attested by Finite Difference
Time Domain (FDTD)-based numerical dosimetry (Figure 6B).
4.5. Exposure to RF and Holographic Image Acquisition
Digital holographic microscopy images were obtained using a HoloMonitor® M4, (Phase Holographic Imaging AB (PHIAB), Lund, Sweden).
The RF exposure system was a tri-plate open transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell allowing RF signals propagation.
Both TEM cell ground plates had apertures to allow for light
propagation through the cell culture. Numerical modeling and simulations
of aperture’s effect on cell exposure were performed as described
previously.
A vector generator (SMBV100A, Rohde & Schwarz, Munich, Germany)
connected to a 10-W amplifier (RF14002600-10, RFPA,
Artigues-Près-Bordeaux, France) with around 40-dB gain was used to
deliver 1800 MHz RF signals (CW and GSM) to the exposure system.
The
effect of CW and GSM-modulated signals, using an 1800 MHz carrier wave,
at S.A.R. of 1.5 and 6 W/kg was studied. Experimental dosimetry was
carried out using temperature assessment measured with an optical probe
(Luxtron). Numerical simulations with an in-house FDTD allowed the
extraction of S.A.R. distribution at the cell layer level within the
Petri dish exposed in the TEM cell (Figure 7A).
The cell culture medium temperature increased by 0.5 ± 0.1 °C at 1.5
W/kg and 2 ± 0.1 °C at 6 W/kg during the first hour of exposure. The
cell culture incubator temperature was decreased accordingly to maintain
the cell culture medium temperature at 37 °C during RF exposure, as
verified in a separate experiment using an optical probe (Luxtron).
Cells were temperature equilibrated for several hours before the
experiment started.
DHM images were acquired over a small area in the Petri dish center where the S.A.R. is homogenous (Figure 7B).
Twenty-four
hours before exposure, cells were seeded at a density of 300,000 cells
in a 35 mm petri dish and left in culture in a humidified incubator at
5% CO2 and 37 °C. On the day of the experiment, the Petri dishes’ lid was replaced by a HoloLidTM (PHIAB). Next, cell culture dishes were placed in an exposure system within the HoloMonitor® M4 platforms (PHIAB) (Figure 7C).
Two identical setups were used for sham and RF-exposure conditions, but
no RF was delivered to the sham condition’s cell culture.
A time-lapse movie was created using the software H-studioTM
(PHIAB) for both RF- and sham-exposure, with one capture taken every 5
min for up to 72 h in total in a humidified incubator at 5% CO2 and 37 °C (Figure 7D).
The effect of CW and GSM-modulated signals (using an 1800 MHz carrier
wave) at 1.5 and 6 W/kg was studied. Twenty-four hours after the start
of the exposure phase, the culture medium was replaced with 4 mL HBSS
medium without fetal bovine serum (serum deprivation) to trigger
autophagy. Average cell area, cell volume, and cell thickness were computed using the software H-studioTM.
Själva studien då?
Abstract
It remains controversial whether exposure to environmental
radiofrequency signals (RF) impacts cell status or response to cellular
stress such as apoptosis or autophagy. We used two label-free
techniques, cellular impedancemetry and Digital Holographic Microscopy
(DHM), to assess the overall cellular response during RF exposure alone,
or during co-exposure to RF and chemical treatments known to induce
either apoptosis or autophagy. Two human cell lines (SH-SY5Y and HCT116)
and two cultures of primary rat cortex cells (astrocytes and co-culture
of neurons and glial cells) were exposed to RF using an 1800 MHz
carrier wave modulated with various environmental signals (GSM: Global
System for Mobile Communications, 2G signal), UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System, 3G signal), LTE (Long-Term Evolution, 4G
signal, and Wi-Fi) or unmodulated RF (continuous wave, CW). The specific
absorption rates (S.A.R.) used were 1.5 and 6 W/kg during DHM
experiments and ranged from 5 to 24 W/kg during the recording of
cellular impedance. Cells were continuously exposed for three to five
consecutive days while the temporal phenotypic signature of cells
behavior was recorded at constant temperature. Statistical analysis of
the results does not indicate that RF-EMF exposure impacted the global
behavior of healthy, apoptotic, or autophagic cells, even at S.A.R.
levels higher than the guidelines, provided that the temperature was
kept constant.
Och resultatet?
Overall, our time-resolved analysis under experimental conditions where
the temperature was kept constant did not show any effects of RF on the
cellular response in healthy, apoptotic, or autophagic cells, even at
S.A.R. levels above the international guidelines. Further studies
complying with rigorous and standardized experimental methodology will help consolidate our findings.
Min kommentar
Bloggen har tidigare informerat om bjässen Agilentas testsälj av HoloMonitor på en undanskymd marknad i syfte att,som bloggen tror,kolla den marknadens intresse för ett kombopaket med Agilentas xCelligence + HoloMonitor.Man kan heller inte undvika spek om syftet med att bli återförsäljare och kränga HoloMonitor i Rumänien var för att komma åt x antal HoloMonitorinstrument och testköra dem tillsammans med xCell alt gå igenom HoloMonitor minutiöst för att få svar på frågor man inte kan ställa officiellt utan att (aktie)marknaden går bananaz. OBS! Detta är enbart bloggens spek.
Skulle det finnas bäring i Agilents intresse för HoloMonitor lär knappast denna studie minska det intresset.Fransmännen visar återigen hur bra kompisar xCell och HoloMonitor är.
Mvh the99
To all researchers in the field of this french study. Let me inform you of a russian study you problably never knew existed.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BIOTROPIC EFFECT OF LOW FREQUENCY MODULATED ELECTROMAGNETIC 2,4 GHz FIELDS ON FIBROBLAST CULTURE MODELR.
Som service till alla ev HoloMonitornyfikna forskare : PHIAB Webshop
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